1– 4 The pioneering work of Lowenstein and colleagues introduced high-dose morphine anesthesia for cardiac surgery.
Opioid use in cardiac surgery has been a particular focus. Nominally, the former is 0.6 hr, while that of the latter is 24–36 hr. * In anesthesiology, there has been similar fashion in opioid use, with the most variable element being the elimination half-life - ranging from ultra-short (remifentanil) to ultra-long (methadone).
In fashion, the most variable style element is the hemline - ranging from ultra-short (hip-high miniskirt) to ultra-long (floor-length).
